2.3.2.13: protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 2.3.2.13
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2.3.2.13
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celiac
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coagulation
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clot
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fibrinogen
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crosslinking
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gluten
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serological
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bleeding
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thrombin
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autoimmune
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children
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autoantibody
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platelet
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gluten-free
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keratinocytes
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anti-tissue
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gliadin
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collagen
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duodenal
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igg
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bowel
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deamidated
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fibronectin
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villous
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keratin
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fibrinolysis
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plasminogen
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isopeptide
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involucrin
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enteropathy
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prothrombin
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cornified
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plasmin
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hemostatic
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endoscopy
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marsh
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gelation
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texture
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ichthyosis
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fibrinopeptide
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cryoprecipitate
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gastroenterology
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rheological
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leiden
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malabsorption
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filaggrin
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nutrition
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analysis
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agriculture
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diagnostics
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antifibrinolytic
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medicine
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synthesis
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food industry
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biotechnology
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histiocytomas
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sealant
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2-antiplasmin
- 2.3.2.13
- celiac
- coagulation
- clot
- fibrinogen
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crosslinking
- gluten
-
serological
- bleeding
- thrombin
- autoimmune
- children
- autoantibody
- platelet
-
gluten-free
- keratinocytes
-
anti-tissue
- gliadin
- collagen
- duodenal
- igg
- bowel
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deamidated
- fibronectin
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villous
- keratin
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fibrinolysis
- plasminogen
-
isopeptide
- involucrin
- enteropathy
- prothrombin
-
cornified
- plasmin
-
hemostatic
-
endoscopy
-
marsh
-
gelation
-
texture
- ichthyosis
-
fibrinopeptide
-
cryoprecipitate
-
gastroenterology
-
rheological
- leiden
-
malabsorption
- filaggrin
- nutrition
- analysis
- agriculture
- diagnostics
-
antifibrinolytic
- medicine
- synthesis
- food industry
- biotechnology
- histiocytomas
-
sealant
-
2-antiplasmin
Reaction
Synonyms
AcTG-1, BmTGA, chloroplast transglutaminase, chlTGase, cold active transglutaminase, cold-active transglutaminase, EPB42, factor XIII, factor XIIIa, fibrin stabilizing factor, fibrinoligase, Galphah, glutamine:amine gamma-glutamyl-transferase, glutaminylpeptide gamma-glutamyltransferase, glutamyltransferase, glutaminylpeptide gamma-, gpTGase 2, gTG2, hfXIIIa, hTG2, hTGase 1, hTGase 2, hTGase 3, hTGase 6, KALB, KalbTG, KALB_7456, Laki-Lorand factor, mammalian transglutaminase, microbial transglutaminase, microbial transglutaminases, MsTGase, MTG, MTG-TX, MTGase, mTGase 2, OlTGT, plastidial transglutaminase, polyamine transglutaminase, protein 4.2, protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase, R-glutaminyl-peptide:amine gamma-glutamyl transferase, R-glutaminylpeptide-amine gamma-glutamyltransferase, SCTG, SMTG, STG I, t-TG, TG-2, TG1, TG2, TG3, TG4, TG5, TG6, TG7, tGA, TGase, TGase 1, TGase 2, Tgase 3, TGase 6, Tgase II, TGase-2, TGase2, TGB, TGK1, TGK2, TGL, TGM1, TGM2, TGM3, TGM4, TGM5, TGM6, TGM7, TGZ, tgz15, TGZo, tissue transglutaminase, tissue transglutaminase 2, tissue-TG, transglutaminase, transglutaminase 1, transglutaminase 2, transglutaminase 3, transglutaminase 6, transglutaminase C, transglutaminase factor XIII, transglutaminase type II, transglutaminase-2, transglutaminase-like protein, transglutaminase2, tTG, tTG-2, type 2 transglutaminase, type I transglutaminase, type-2 transglutaminase
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Source Tissue on EC 2.3.2.13 - protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase
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SOURCE TISSUE 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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insulin-like growth factor-I, epidermal growth factor, and insulin markedly increase TG-2 expression and activity. This effect is reduced when glial cultures are primed with both dexamethasone and estradiol. The regulation of TG-2 in astrocytes is signal- and hormone dependent
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enhanced serum immunoreactivity to tTG-2 antigens in some patients with multiple myeloma
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MDA-MB-231 (doxorubicin resistant) human breast cancer cell
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ex vivo cultures of nasal polyp mucosal explants of Cystic fibrosis patients and controls, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-defective IB3-1 bronchial epithelial cells, C38 isogenic CFTR corrected, and 16HBE normal bronchial epithelial cell lines. A defective cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator induces a remarkable up-regulation of tissue transglutaminase in both tissues and cell lines. The increased TG2 activity leads to functional sequestration of the anti-inflammatory peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and increase of the classic parameters of inflammation
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PKCdelta plays an important role in regulation of TG2 expression in pancreatic ductal carcinoma cells and helps protect cells from autophagy, thus contributing to resistance to treatment
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PKCdelta plays an important role in regulation of TG2 expression in pancreatic ductal carcinoma cells and helps protect cells from autophagy, thus contributing to resistance to treatment
the central nervous system has a tTG splice variant which is termed tTG-short, or tTG-S. tTG-S adopts a conformation similar to the open-state
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the enzyme is secreted into the apical medium of polarized cultures of rabbit connecting tubule and cortical collecting duct cells
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endogenous TGase activity increases during developmental cell death reaching a maximum soon after the corolla opening. The activity maximum shifts from proximal to distal part, preceding the developmental cell death acropetal pattern
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the enzyme is detected in the apical medium of polarized cultures of rabbit connecting tubule and cortical collecting duct cells
monocyte-derived, presence of large amounts of TG2 on cell surface
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isoform transglutaminase 2, both in patients with coeliac disease and controls. Enzyme is localized to subepithelial layer, lamina propria, and the pericryptal connective issue of all samples. It also binds to surface enterocytes of most untreated, but of few treated, coeliac patients, and shows no epithelial distribution in controls
patients with Helicobacter pylori negative gastritis have higher t-TG activity than patients with healthy, unifected gastric mucosa
mRNA expression and TGase enzyme activity are high in hematopoietic cells, less in the semi-granular hemocyte and very low in the granular cells
follicle and cortex and cuticle of the hair shaft
TGase is one of the most abundant proteins in hematopoietic tissue. mRNA expression and enzyme activity are high in hematopoietic cells, less in the semi-granular hemocyte and very low in the granular cells
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PKCdelta plays an important role in regulation of TG2 expression in pancreatic ductal carcinoma cells and helps protect cells from autophagy, thus contributing to resistance to treatment
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PKCdelta plays an important role in regulation of TG2 expression in pancreatic ductal carcinoma cells and helps protect cells from autophagy, thus contributing to resistance to treatment
bone resorbing cells, derive from monocyte/macrophage cell lineage
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PKCdelta plays an important role in regulation of TG2 expression in pancreatic ductal carcinoma cells and helps protect cells from autophagy, thus contributing to resistance to treatment
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TG2 expression promotes degradation of PTEN by ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway and results in constitutive activation of focal adhesion kinase/AKT cell survival signaling
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PKCdelta plays an important role in regulation of TG2 expression in pancreatic ductal carcinoma cells and helps protect cells from autophagy, thus contributing to resistance to treatment
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vascular smooth muscle, extracellular TG2 interacts with the low density lipoprotein related protein 5 receptor and activates beta-catenin signaling in VSMCs. These results suggest that TG2 may promote vascular calcification by activating the beta-catenin signaling pathway
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comparable activity in both promastigote and amastigote
TG4 expression is restricted to the prostate gland
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normal and glaucomatous cells express tissue transglutaminase 2. TGM2 protein levels and enzyme activities are elevated in glaucomatous cells
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enzyme activity is most pronounced in the duodenum, and decreased progressively in the jejunum and ileum
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isoform tTG protein and RNA are present in stromal cells and trophoblasts of placenta in first trimester and at term, with higher levels later in pregnancy
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In the self-incompatible styles, the TGase activity is higher in comparison to style pollinated with compatible pollen, and high molecular mass cross-linked products are formed, suggesting an involvement of TGase in self-incompatible pollen response
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isoform tTG protein and RNA are present in stromal cells and trophoblasts of placenta in first trimester and at term, with higher levels later in pregnancy
presence of TG2 on cell surface in bowel tissue sections from both normal and celiac subjects
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primary cell, extracellular TG2 interacts with the low density lipoprotein related protein 5 receptor and activates beta-catenin signaling in VSMCs. These results suggest that TG2 may promote vascular calcification by activating the beta-catenin signaling pathway
additional information
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lung cancer cell line A549. After mechanical damage, TGase 2 appears to contribute to membrane resealing
in situ and in vitro enzymatic activity of transglutaminase isoforms on brain tissue sections and brain extract, monitoring of differences in post-translational protein modifications during neurodegeneration, overview. In situ activity of isoform TG6 varies between BACHD mice in comparison to their wild-type controls. TG6 protein expression is prominent in the brains of mice
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in situ and in vitro enzymatic activity of transglutaminase isoforms on brain tissue sections and brain extract, monitoring of differences in post-translational protein modifications during neurodegeneration, overview. In situ activity of isoform TG6 varies between BACHD mice in comparison to their wild-type controls. TG6 protein expression is prominent in the brains of mice
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in situ and in vitro enzymatic activity of transglutaminase isoforms on brain tissue sections and brain extract, monitoring of differences in post-translational protein modifications during neurodegeneration, overview. TG6 shows only a faint vascular signal as compared to a prominent cellular staining in rat tissue
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in situ and in vitro enzymatic activity of transglutaminase isoforms on brain tissue sections and brain extract, monitoring of differences in post-translational protein modifications during neurodegeneration, overview. TG6 shows only a faint vascular signal as compared to a prominent cellular staining in rat tissue
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Caco-2 intestinal cancer cells express crosslinking-competent tTG on their surface
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secretion, not immunologically related to tissue-type enzyme or blood factor XIIIa
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primary and MCA3A1-cell line, retinoic acid induced enzyme differs from normal epidermal enzyme
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primary and MCA3A1-cell line, retinoic acid induced enzyme differs from normal epidermal enzyme
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isoform TG2 activity is eleveated in glioblastomas compared with non-neoplastic brain
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isoform TG2 activity is elevated in glioblastomas compared with non-neoplastic brain
mRNA expression and TGase enzyme activity are high in hematopoietic cells, less in the semi-granular hemocyte and very low in the granular cells
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lens epithelial line. TGFbeta mediates activation of transglutaminase 2 in response to oxidative stress that leads to protein aggregation
TG2 is not normally active in the lamina propria, but inflammatory signals have been implicated in its activation. Avirulent-reovirus in the presence of dietary gluten activates villous TG2
TG1 and TG2 are the most abundantly expressed TGs in normal kidney
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in tobacco mosaic virus-inoculated leaves, TGase activity increases from 24 h onwards relative to controls
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a diurnal trend of TGase activity is observed in plants under natural conditions in the forest, with the highest value corresponding to the maximum light intensity and amount of light received by the leaves. Plants that are in darkness until midday and suddenly exposed to high light intensity show enhanced TGase activity
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487819, 487821, 487822, 487823, 487830, 487833, 487834, 487841, 487842, 487845, 487849, 487855, 487856, 487858, 487872, 657706, 657887, 660427, 672570, 687721, 702291, 702612, 705301, 718574
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administration of pinocembrin, one of the major components of propolis, inhibits tTG activation and significantly prevents the development of thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis. tTG may be an important member of the cascade of factors necessary for ethanol-induced liver fibrogenesis. Pinocembrin could serve as an anti-fibrogenic agent
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in regenerating liver enhanced formation of Gln-Lys bonds catalyzed by TG2 leads to reduced DNA synthesis
monocyte-derived, presence of large amounts of TG2 on cell surface
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no expression of isoform TGase II in normal mammary tissue and that showing benign hyperplasia, but 44% of mammary carcinomas strongly express isoform TGase II in either a stromal, cellular or combined pattern
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no expression of isoform TGase II in normal mammary tissue and that showing benign hyperplasia, but 83% of mammary carcinomas strongly express isoform TGase II in either a stromal, cellular or combined pattern
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transglutaminase factor XIII levels are diminished in patients after infarct rupture. Transglutaminase factor XIII activity peaks on day 3 after myocardial infarction
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in the mouse model of coronary ligation, modulation of FXIII activity by therapy impacts myocardial healing
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isoform tTG protein and RNA are present in stromal cells and trophoblasts in first trimester and at term, with higher levels later in pregnancy
cells express isoform TGase-1, but not TGase-2, -5, and -7
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transglutaminase 1, required for the formation of a cornified envelope in stratified squamous epithelia
additional information
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TG2 shows an ubiquitous expression pattern of this protein throughout the body
additional information
TG3 is expressed in the cytoplasm of late-differentiating keratinocytes and corneocytes and in the cortex and cuticle of the hair shaft and hair follicles
additional information
TG3 is expressed in the cytoplasm of late-differentiating keratinocytes and corneocytes and in the cortex and cuticle of the hair shaft and hair follicles
additional information
TG3 is expressed in the cytoplasm of late-differentiating keratinocytes and corneocytes and in the cortex and cuticle of the hair shaft and hair follicles
additional information
TG3 is expressed in the cytoplasm of late-differentiating keratinocytes and corneocytes and in the cortex and cuticle of the hair shaft and hair follicles
additional information
TG3 is expressed in the cytoplasm of late-differentiating keratinocytes and corneocytes and in the cortex and cuticle of the hair shaft and hair follicles
additional information
TG3 is expressed in the cytoplasm of late-differentiating keratinocytes and corneocytes and in the cortex and cuticle of the hair shaft and hair follicles
additional information
TG3 is expressed in the cytoplasm of late-differentiating keratinocytes and corneocytes and in the cortex and cuticle of the hair shaft and hair follicles
additional information
TG3 is expressed in the cytoplasm of late-differentiating keratinocytes and corneocytes and in the cortex and cuticle of the hair shaft and hair follicles
additional information
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TG3 is expressed in the cytoplasm of late-differentiating keratinocytes and corneocytes and in the cortex and cuticle of the hair shaft and hair follicles
additional information
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enzyme expression analysis and fluorescence histochemical localization, overview
additional information
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not expressed in liver, kidney, lung, instestine, heart, and stomach
additional information
TG6 expression seems to localize to neurons but not to astrocytes or microglia. TG6 shows only a faint vascular signal as compared to a prominent cellular staining in mouse tissue
additional information
TG6 expression seems to localize to neurons but not to astrocytes or microglia. TG6 shows only a faint vascular signal as compared to a prominent cellular staining in mouse tissue
additional information
three TGs are expressed in macrophages and osteoclasts, i.e. TG1, TG2 and factor XIII-A, expression analysis of isozymes
additional information
three TGs are expressed in macrophages and osteoclasts, i.e. TG1, TG2 and factor XIII-A, expression analysis of isozymes
additional information
three TGs are expressed in macrophages and osteoclasts, i.e. TG1, TG2 and factor XIII-A, expression analysis of isozymes
additional information
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TG6 expression seems to localize to neurons but not to astrocytes or microglia. TG6 shows only a faint vascular signal as compared to a prominent cellular staining in mouse tissue
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additional information
immunochemical analysis reveals that OlTGT is not expressed ubiquitously, unlike its mammalian orthologue, but in primarily limited tissues such as the eye, brain, spinal cord, and gas gland
additional information
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immunochemical analysis reveals that OlTGT is not expressed ubiquitously, unlike its mammalian orthologue, but in primarily limited tissues such as the eye, brain, spinal cord, and gas gland
additional information
signal crayfish is a 60 long-lived species and its natural habitat, fresh waters usually have a wide range of temperatures from below 7°C during winter and up to more than 20°C in summer
additional information
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signal crayfish is a 60 long-lived species and its natural habitat, fresh waters usually have a wide range of temperatures from below 7°C during winter and up to more than 20°C in summer
additional information
enzyme expression analysis and fluorescence histochemical localization, overview
additional information
TG6 expression seems to localize to neurons but not to astrocytes or microglia
additional information
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TG6 expression seems to localize to neurons but not to astrocytes or microglia
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additional information
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enzyme expression analysis and fluorescence histochemical localization, overview
