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malfunction
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a dominant-negative leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1 mutant attenuates the cell cycle without causing cell death, likely by inhibiting uncontrolled phosphatase activity
malfunction
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deletion of phosphatase 2A protein methyltransferase PPM1 greatly reduces Cdc55p, Tpd3p, and Rts1p binding and leads to nocodazole sensitivity
malfunction
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homozygous gene trap knock-out of leucine carboxyl methyltransferase-1 in mice results in embryonic lethality
malfunction
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leucine carboxyl methyltransferase-1 (LCMT-1) knockdown reduces the formation of protein phosphatase 2A heterotrimers containing the Balpha regulatory subunit and, in a subset of the cells, induces apoptosis, characterized by caspase activation, nuclear condensation/fragmentation, and membrane blebbing. LCMT-1 knockdown cells are more sensitive to the spindle-targeting drug nocodazole
malfunction
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decreased phosphatase 2A protein catalytic subunit methylation is linked with decreased LCMT-1 expression causing human heart failure, overview
malfunction
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depletion of leucine carboxyl methyltransferase-1, LCMT1, or overexpression of protein phosphatase methylesterase-1, PME-1, lead to long spindles. In contrast, depletion of PME-1, pharmacological inhibition of PME-1 or overexpression of LCMT1 lead to short spindles. Perturbation of the LCMT1-PME-1 methylation equilibrium leads to mitotic arrest, spindle assembly checkpoint activation, defective cell divisions, induction of apoptosis and reduced cell viability, phenotype, overview
malfunction
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hypomorphic Lcmt1 mice show reduced protein phosphatase 2A methyltransferase expression due to splicing around the insertion, Lcmt1 transcript and LCMT1 protein levels are reduced but not eliminated. LCMT1 activity and methylation of protein phosphatase 2A are reduced in a coordinate fashion, suggesting that LCMT1 is the only PP2A methyltransferase. The mice exhibit an insulin-resistance phenotype. Knockout of Lcmt1 in mice is lethal during embryonic development. Male Lcmt1-/- animals display increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, increased insulin resistance, and decreased methylation of phosphatase 2A protein
malfunction
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reduced methylation of phosphatase 2A protein through enzyme LCMT1, a major Tau phosphatase, occurs in Alzheimer disease. Altered phosphatase 2A protein and Tau membrane distribution can promote neuronal dysfunction and phospho-Tau pathology in Alzheimer disease. Methylation-incompetent L309DELTA mutant of PP2A C subunit is excluded from membrane rafts. Expression of the inactive LCMT1 mutant inhibits the accumulation of dephosphorylated and total Tau at the plasma membrane, whereas concomitantly enhancing Tau phosphorylation at the Ser422 phospho-epitope. Partial knockdown of LCMT1 in Neuro2a cells is associated with a 42-45% decrease in total amounts of membrane-associated Tau pools relative to controls
malfunction
mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from LCMT-1 knock-out mouse embryos have reduced levels of PP2A B regulatory subunit and PP4R1 relative to control mouse embryonic fibroblasts, indicating that LCMT-1 is important for maintaining normal levels of these subunits. LCMT-1 homozygous knock-out mouse embryonic fibroblasts exhibit hyperphosphorylation of HDAC3, a reported target of the methylation-dependent PP4R1-PP4c complex
malfunction
alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn) overexpression induces increased alpha-syn phosphorylation at Ser129, and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition, in vitro and in vivo. alpha-Syn overexpression results in PP2A demethylation. This demethylation is mediated via downregulated leucine carboxyl methyltransferase (LCMT-1) expression, and upregulated protein phosphatase methylesterase (PME-1, EC 3.1.1.89) expression. Furthermore, LCMT-1 overexpression, or PME-1 inhibition, reverses alpha-syn-induced increases in alpha-syn phosphorylation and apoptosis
malfunction
increased expression of NNMT selectively affects LCMT1 resulting in lower PP2A activation. Decreased LCMT1 expression or SAH concentration decreases endogenous activated PP2A
malfunction
Protein phosphatase 2A and its methylation modulating enzymes LCMT-1 and PME-1 are dysregulated in tauopathies of progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer's disease, pathologic phenotype, overview. Analyses shows a decrease of methyl-PP2A and an increase of demethyl-PP2A with a concomitant reduction in the methyl/demethyl PP2A ratio in both PSP (74%) and AD (76%) brains. This is associated with a decrease in LCMT-1 and an increase in the demethylating enzyme, protein phosphatase methylesterase (PME-1), in both diseases. State of PP2A regulation in tauopathies, overview
malfunction
the lcmt1 knockout mutant possesses essentially only unmethylated PP2A-C, has less dense rosettes, and earlier flowering compared to wild-type plants. Approximately 200 overlapping genes are 2fold upregulated, and 200 overlapping genes are 2fold downregulated in both lcmt1 and pme1 knockout mutants compared to wild-type. Differences between the 2 mutants, 97 genes are 2fold upregulated in pme1 compared with lcmt1, indicating that PME1 acts as a negative regulator for these genes. Arabidopsis thaliana plants with knocked out LCMT1 (sbi1 mutant) are void of methylated PP2A-C and have unmethylated catalytic subunit PP2A-C both in the microsomal and cytosolic fractions
malfunction
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the lcmt1 knockout mutant possesses essentially only unmethylated PP2A-C, has less dense rosettes, and earlier flowering compared to wild-type plants. Approximately 200 overlapping genes are 2fold upregulated, and 200 overlapping genes are 2fold downregulated in both lcmt1 and pme1 knockout mutants compared to wild-type. Differences between the 2 mutants, 97 genes are 2fold upregulated in pme1 compared with lcmt1, indicating that PME1 acts as a negative regulator for these genes. Arabidopsis thaliana plants with knocked out LCMT1 (sbi1 mutant) are void of methylated PP2A-C and have unmethylated catalytic subunit PP2A-C both in the microsomal and cytosolic fractions
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malfunction
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alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn) overexpression induces increased alpha-syn phosphorylation at Ser129, and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition, in vitro and in vivo. alpha-Syn overexpression results in PP2A demethylation. This demethylation is mediated via downregulated leucine carboxyl methyltransferase (LCMT-1) expression, and upregulated protein phosphatase methylesterase (PME-1, EC 3.1.1.89) expression. Furthermore, LCMT-1 overexpression, or PME-1 inhibition, reverses alpha-syn-induced increases in alpha-syn phosphorylation and apoptosis
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metabolism
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past global read-outs of cellular PP2A activity more appropriately represent the collective activity of numerous individual PP2A holoenzymes, each displaying a specific subcellular localization (dictated by select PP2A regulatory subunits) as well as local specific post-translational catalytic subunit methylation and phosphorylation events that regulate local and rapid holoenzyme assembly/disassembly via leucine carboxymethyltransferase 1/phosphatase methylesterase 1 (LCMT-1/PME-1), PP2A regulation system involving nine different PP2A regulatory subunits (PPP2R2A, PPP2R2B, PPP2R3A, PPP2R4, PPP2R5A, PPP2R5B, PPP2R5C, PPP2R5D, and PPP2R5E) in the heart. LCMT-1 and PME-1 show cell-type and disease-linked expressional regulation, overview
metabolism
in vivo demethylation of sperm PP2A in the epididymis, regulation of protein phosphatase activity in sperm
metabolism
in vivo demethylation of sperm PP2A in the epididymis, regulation of protein phosphatase activity in sperm
metabolism
nicotinamide-N-methyltransferase (NNMT, EC 2.1.1.1) outcompetes leucine carboxyl methyl transferase 1 (LCMT1) for methyl transfer from principal methyl donor SAM in biological systems, because NNMT has a higher affinity for SAM as compared to LCMT1. Inhibiting NNMT increases the availability of methyl groups for LCMT1 to methylate protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) resulting in the inhibition of oncogenic serine/threonine kinases (STKs, EC 2.7.11.). Even if there are methylated products in the system by LCMT1, which is a O-methylating enzyme, they can potentially be reversed to unmethylated form due to their reversible nature and availability of demethylases such as PME1. In contrast, N-methylating NNMT enzyme product MNA which is stable and acts as methylation sink further favoring methyl transfer by NNMT compared to LCMT1. The NNMT-PME1-LCMT1 signaling axis is one mechanism by which the activity of the MAPK/Akt pathways are maintained in cancer cells
metabolism
protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit (PP2A-C) has a terminal leucine subjected to methylation, a regulatory mechanism conserved from yeast to mammals and plants. Two enzymes, leucine carboxyl methyltransferase (LCMT-1) and protein phosphatase methylesterase (PME-1, EC 3.1.1.89), methylate and demethylate PP2A-C, respectively, physiological importance of these posttranslational modifications. Regulation, overview. In addition to catalyzing demethylation of PP2A-C, PME1 has a function in stabilizing the PP2A complex, keeping part of the PP2AC pool in an inactive state
metabolism
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protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit (PP2A-C) has a terminal leucine subjected to methylation, a regulatory mechanism conserved from yeast to mammals and plants. Two enzymes, leucine carboxyl methyltransferase (LCMT-1) and protein phosphatase methylesterase (PME-1, EC 3.1.1.89), methylate and demethylate PP2A-C, respectively, physiological importance of these posttranslational modifications. Regulation, overview. In addition to catalyzing demethylation of PP2A-C, PME1 has a function in stabilizing the PP2A complex, keeping part of the PP2AC pool in an inactive state
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physiological function
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carboxymethylation of the PP2A catalytic subunit by phosphatase 2A protein methyltransferase PPM1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for efficient interaction with the B-type subunits Cdc55p and Rts1p
physiological function
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leucine carboxyl methyltransferase-1 (LCMT-1) is essential for embryonic development in mice. LCMT-1 is important for spindle checkpoint
physiological function
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leucine carboxyl methyltransferase-1 (LCMT-1) is necessary for normal progression through mitosis and cell survival. LCMT-1 is important for spindle checkpoint
physiological function
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methylation by PP2A methyltransferase regulates PP2A phosphatase activity by promoting holoenzyme assembly
physiological function
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regulation of protein phosphatase 2A methylation by leucine carboxy methyltransferase-1 (LCMT1) plays a critical role in differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. Enhanced expression of LCMT1 in cultured N2a neuroblastoma cells induces changes in F-actin organization. Expression of LCMT1 promotes the formation of elongated neurite-like processes
physiological function
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the enzyme tightly controls phosphatase 2A protein function, important for the cell cycle and cell survival
physiological function
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leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1-dependent methylation regulates the association of protein phosphatase 2A and Tau protein with plasma membrane microdomains in neuroblastoma cells
physiological function
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leucine carboxyl methyltransferase-1, LCMT1, and protein phosphatase methylesterase-1, PME-1, are essential enzymes that regulate the methylation of the protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit. The two enzymes have been linked to the regulation of cell growth and proliferation, and a role of LCMT1-PME-1 methylation equilibrium in controlling mitotic spindle size. The LCMT1-PME-1 methylation equilibrium is critical for regulating mitotic spindle size and thereby proper cell division
physiological function
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protein phosphatase 2A is the major serine/threonine phosphatase in eukaryotic cells, its assembly is governed by a variety of mechanisms, one of which is carboxyl-terminal methylation of the catalytic subunit by the leucine carboxyl methyltransferase LCMT1. Protein phosphatase 2A is nearly stoichiometrically methylated in the cytosol. Role for this methyltransferase in signaling in insulin-sensitive tissues
physiological function
the enzyme regulates the activity and subcellular localisation of type 2A protein phosphatase, PP2A, by reversible carboxylmethylation of its C-terminal leucine 309 residue. Stimulation of adenosine type 1 receptors induces PP2AC carboxylmethylation via PI3K and alters subcellular distribution in adult rat ventricular myocytes
physiological function
generation of transgenic mice that overexpress the leucine carboxylmethyltransferase-1 (LCMT-1). LCMT-1 overexpression protected against behavioral and electrophysiological impairments caused by exogenous Abeta exposure
physiological function
the enzyme coordinately regulates the carboxyl methylation of PP2A-related phosphatases and, consequently, their holoenzyme assembly and function
physiological function
LCMT-1 overexpression or protein phosphatase methylesterase (PME-1, EC 3.1.1.89) inhibition protects against alpha-syn-induced protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition, and increases in apoptosis of SK-N-SH cells
physiological function
methylation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activates PP2A activity
physiological function
protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit (PP2A-C) has a terminal leucine subjected to methylation, a regulatory mechanism conserved from yeast to mammals and plants. Two enzymes, leucine carboxyl methyltransferase (LCMT-1) and protein phosphatase methylesterase (PME-1, EC 3.1.1.89), methylate and demethylate PP2A-C, respectively, physiological importance of these posttranslational modifications. Active LCMT1 methylates all PP2A-C in microsomes
physiological function
the enzyme PP2A methyl transferase, LCMT1 responsible for transferring the methyl group from S-adenosyl methionine specifically to PP2A
physiological function
the enzyme PP2A methyl transferase, LCMT1 responsible for transferring the methyl group from S-adenosyl methionine specifically to PP2A
physiological function
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protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit (PP2A-C) has a terminal leucine subjected to methylation, a regulatory mechanism conserved from yeast to mammals and plants. Two enzymes, leucine carboxyl methyltransferase (LCMT-1) and protein phosphatase methylesterase (PME-1, EC 3.1.1.89), methylate and demethylate PP2A-C, respectively, physiological importance of these posttranslational modifications. Active LCMT1 methylates all PP2A-C in microsomes
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physiological function
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the enzyme regulates the activity and subcellular localisation of type 2A protein phosphatase, PP2A, by reversible carboxylmethylation of its C-terminal leucine 309 residue. Stimulation of adenosine type 1 receptors induces PP2AC carboxylmethylation via PI3K and alters subcellular distribution in adult rat ventricular myocytes
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physiological function
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LCMT-1 overexpression or protein phosphatase methylesterase (PME-1, EC 3.1.1.89) inhibition protects against alpha-syn-induced protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition, and increases in apoptosis of SK-N-SH cells
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