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IUBMB Comments Also acts, more slowly, on GDP to form P1,P3-bis(5'-guanosyl) triphosphate.
The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
Synonyms
gtp:gtp guanylyltransferase,
more
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diguanosine tetraphosphate synthetase
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GTP-GTP guanylyltransferase
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guanosine triphosphate-guanose triphosphate guanylyltransferase
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guanylyltransferase, guanosine triphosphate
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synthetase, diguanosine tetraphosphate
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additional information
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enzyme may belong to the GAFH superfamily
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2 GTP = diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl) tetraphosphate
2 GTP = diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl) tetraphosphate
mechanism
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2 GTP = diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl) tetraphosphate
mechanism
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2 GTP = diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl) tetraphosphate
ping-pong kinetics with a covalent enzyme-guanylate intermediate containing a phosphoramidate linkage, probably phospholysine
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2 GTP = diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl) tetraphosphate
the alpha-phosphorus group of the GMP of the covalent reaction intermediate is linked via the Nepsilon2 ring nitrogen of a histidine residue of the enzyme
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2 GTP = diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl) tetraphosphate
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nucleotidyl group transfer
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GTP:GTP guanylyltransferase
Also acts, more slowly, on GDP to form P1,P3-bis(5'-guanosyl) triphosphate.
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5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate + diphosphate
GppNHppG + diphosphate
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?
dGTP + dGTP
P1,P4-bis(5'-(2'-deoxyguanosyl) tetraphosphate + diphosphate
GDP + GDP
P1,P3-bis(5'-guanosyl)triphosphate + diphosphate
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rate of the reaction is low compared with synthesis of P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate and dependent on other small molecular weight components of yolk platelets
i.e. GP3G
r
GDP + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate
P1,P3-bis(5'-guanosyl)triphosphate
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r
GTP + GTP
diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate
GTP + GTP
P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate + diphosphate
GTP + guanosine 5'-tetraphosphate
diguanosine 5',5'''-P1,P5-pentaphosphate + diphosphate
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i.e. GP5G
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GTP + ITP
GppppI + diphosphate
GTP + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate
?
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r
GTP + XTP
GppppX + diphosphate
P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate + carbonyldiphosphonate
GTP + ?
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29% of GTP-forming activity with diphosphate as second substrate
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r
P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate + cyclotriphosphate
GTP + ?
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200% of GTP-forming activity with diphosphate as second substrate
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r
P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate + methylenediphosphonate
GTP + ?
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25% of GTP-forming activity with diphosphate as second substrate
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r
P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate + tripolyphosphate
GTP + ?
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75% of GTP-forming activity with diphosphate as second substrate
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r
additional information
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either 2 enzymes are present in guanosine-triphosphate guanylyltransferase preparations or 2 catalytic sites exist on one protein, one for the synthesis of P1,P3-bis(5'-guanosyl)triphosphate and one for the synthesis of P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate
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dGTP + dGTP
P1,P4-bis(5'-(2'-deoxyguanosyl) tetraphosphate + diphosphate
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r
dGTP + dGTP
P1,P4-bis(5'-(2'-deoxyguanosyl) tetraphosphate + diphosphate
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96% of the activity with GTP as second substrate
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r
GTP + GTP
diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate
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r
GTP + GTP
diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate
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r
GTP + GTP
diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate
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r
GTP + GTP
diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate
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enzyme catalyzes synthesis of P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate during oogenesis in Artemia
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r
GTP + GTP
diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate
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r
GTP + GTP
diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate
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the structure and mechanism of this enzyme suggest an evolutionary relationship to mRNA capping enzymes
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r
GTP + GTP
diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate
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r
GTP + GTP
P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate + diphosphate
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the alpha-phosphorus group of the GMP of the covalent reaction intermediate is linked to the Nepsilon2 ring nitrogen of a histidine residue of the enzyme
i.e. GP4G
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GTP + GTP
P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate + diphosphate
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the alpha-phosphorus group of the GMP of the covalent reaction intermediate is linked to the Nepsilon2 ring nitrogen of a histidine residue of the enzyme
i.e. GP4G
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GTP + GTP
P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate + diphosphate
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i.e. GP4G
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GTP + GTP
P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate + diphosphate
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i.e. GP4G
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GTP + GTP
P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate + diphosphate
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i.e. GP4G
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GTP + GTP
P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate + diphosphate
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i.e. GP4G
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GTP + GTP
P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate + diphosphate
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certain phosphate analogs can substitute for diphosphate in the reverse reaction
r
GTP + GTP
P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate + diphosphate
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i.e. GP4G
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GTP + ITP
GppppI + diphosphate
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r
GTP + ITP
GppppI + diphosphate
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r
GTP + ITP
GppppI + diphosphate
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r
GTP + ITP
GppppI + diphosphate
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r
GTP + XTP
GppppX + diphosphate
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r
GTP + XTP
GppppX + diphosphate
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r
GTP + XTP
GppppX + diphosphate
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r
GTP + XTP
GppppX + diphosphate
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r
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GTP + GTP
diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate
GTP + GTP
diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate
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r
GTP + GTP
diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate
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GTP + GTP
diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate
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r
GTP + GTP
diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate
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enzyme catalyzes synthesis of P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate during oogenesis in Artemia
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r
GTP + GTP
diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate
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r
GTP + GTP
diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate
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the structure and mechanism of this enzyme suggest an evolutionary relationship to mRNA capping enzymes
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r
GTP + GTP
diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate
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r
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Cu2+
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28% of the activity with Mg2+ in P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate synthesis
Mn2+
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86% of the activity with Mg2+ in P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate synthesis
Mg2+
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20 mM required with GDP as substrate
Mg2+
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required for the forward reaction
Mg2+
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10-15 mM required for maximal activity with GTP as substrate
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ITP
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partially uncompetitive inhibition of P1,P3-bis(5'-guanosyl)triphosphate synthesis
XTP
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uncompetitive inhibition of P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate synthesis
additional information
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no inhibition by phosphate
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DTT
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Cysts
Formation of a covalent Nepsilon2-guanylylhistidyl reaction intermediate by the GTP:GTP guanylyltransferase from the brine shrimp Artemia.
Cysts
Purification and properties of GTP:GTP guanylyltransferase from encysted embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia.
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0.84
diphosphate
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pH 5.9, 40°C
2.2
GTP
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pH 5.9, 40°C
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1.2
GTP
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0.003 - 0.0066
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partially purified enzyme
additional information
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4.5 - 8
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no activity below and above
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37
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P1,P3-bis(5'-guanosyl)triphosphate synthesis, partially purified enzyme, Sephadex G-25 fraction
40 - 42
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P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate synthesis
20
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assay at
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brenda
brine shrimp
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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encysted, yolk platelets of
brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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of yolk
brenda
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of yolk
brenda
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small amount of activity
brenda
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110000
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x * 110000, SDS-PAGE
142000
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2 * 142000, alpha + 2 * 80000, beta, SDS-PAGE
80000
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2 * 142000, alpha + 2 * 80000, beta, SDS-PAGE
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tetramer
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2 * 142000, alpha + 2 * 80000, beta, SDS-PAGE
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additional information
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stable at alkaline pH conditions at 85% for 5 min
643341
additional information
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stable at alkaline pH conditions at 85% for 5 min
643342
additional information
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unstable at acidic pH conditions
643341
additional information
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unstable at acidic pH conditions
643342
additional information
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stability of the enzyme-guanylate reaction intermediate complex at different temperatures and pH values
643341
additional information
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stability of the enzyme-guanylate reaction intermediate complex at different temperatures and pH values
643342
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85
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5 min: stable at alkaline conditions of 0.15 M NaOH, 79.1% of maximal activity at pH 7.5, 1% of maximal activity at acidic conditions of 0.15 M HCl
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20 min, 4 M sodium acetate, pH 7.5, 96% of maximal activity
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20 min, 3.68 M hydroxylamine, pH 4.75, 0.7% of maximal activity
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20 min, 0.2 M hydroxylamine, pH 7.5, 2.5% of maximal activity
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albumin, 10 mg/ml, glycerol, 30% or P1,P4-bis(5'-guanosyl)tetraphosphate, 0.6 mM, prevents loss of activity at 0°C, Gp4G most effective
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0°C or -15°C, 50% loss of activity after 1 week in buffered 500 mM NaCl
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1687fold to homogeneity
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Warner, A.H.; Beers, P.C.; Huang, F.L.
Biosynthesis of the diguanosine nucleotides. I. Purification and properties of an enzyme from yolk platelets of brine shrimp embryos
Can. J. Biochem.
52
231-240
1974
Artemia salina
brenda
Warner, A.H.; Huang, F.L.
Biosynthesis of the diguanosine nucleotides. II. Mechanism of action of GTP:GTP guanylyltransferase on nucleotide metabolism in brine shrimp embryos
Can. J. Biochem.
52
241-251
1974
Artemia salina
brenda
Liu, J.J.; McLennan, A.G.
Purification and properties of GTP:GTP guanylyltransferase from encysted embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia
J. Biol. Chem.
269
11787-11794
1994
Artemia sp.
brenda
Liu, J.J.; McLennan, A.G.
Purification and properties of GTP:GTP guanylyltransferase from embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia
Biochem. Soc. Trans.
22
219S
1994
Artemia sp.
brenda
Cartwright, J.L.; McLennan, A.G.
Formation of a covalent Nepsilon2-guanylylhistidyl reaction intermediate by the GTP:GTP guanylyltransferase from the brine shrimp Artemia
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
361
101-105
1999
Artemia franciscana
brenda
Cartwright, J.L.; McLennan, A.G.
GTP:GTP guanylyl transferase: trapping procedures for detecting and characterizing chemical nature of enzyme-nucleotide phosphoramidate reaction intermediate
Methods Enzymol.
354
251-260
2002
Artemia franciscana, Daphnia magna
brenda
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