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2,2'-iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
L-alanine + pyruvate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
beta-alanine + pyruvate + NADH + H+
beta-alanopine + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
r
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
glycine + pyruvate + NADH + H+
? + NAD+ + H2O
reductive condensation, low activity
-
-
?
L-2-Aminobutyrate + pyruvate + NADH
?
L-2-aminobutyrate + pyruvate + NADH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
r
L-Ala + 2-oxobutanoate + NADH
?
L-Ala + 2-oxopentanoate + NADH
?
L-Ala + glyoxylate + NADH
?
L-Ala + hydroxypyruvate + NADH
?
L-Ala + oxaloacetate + NADH
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
2,2'-Iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
L-alanine + pyruvate + NADH + H+
2,2'-iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
L-Cys + pyruvate + NADH
?
L-Ser + pyruvate + NADH
?
L-Thr + pyruvate + NADH
?
L-Val + pyruvate + NADH
?
meso-alanopine + NAD+ + H2O
?
additional information
?
-
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
r
-
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
at 161.5% of the activity with L-Ala
-
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
Busycotypus canaliculatum
-
-
-
-
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
no activity
-
-
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
at 69% of the activity with L-Ala
-
-
?
Gly + pyruvate + NADH
Strombine + NAD+ + H2O
-
at 9% of the activity with L-Ala
-
-
?
L-2-Aminobutyrate + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
at 60% of the activity with L-Ala
-
-
?
L-2-Aminobutyrate + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-2-Aminobutyrate + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-2-Aminobutyrate + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
at 94% of the activity with L-Ala
-
-
?
L-Ala + 2-oxobutanoate + NADH
?
-
at 21% of the activity with pyruvate
-
-
?
L-Ala + 2-oxobutanoate + NADH
?
-
at 68% of the activity with pyruvate
-
-
?
L-Ala + 2-oxobutanoate + NADH
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-Ala + 2-oxobutanoate + NADH
?
-
at 22% the activity with pyruvate
-
-
?
L-Ala + 2-oxobutanoate + NADH
?
-
at 14% of the activity with pyruvate
-
-
?
L-Ala + 2-oxopentanoate + NADH
?
-
at 25.6% of the activity with pyruvate
-
-
?
L-Ala + 2-oxopentanoate + NADH
?
-
at 58% of the activity with pyruvate
-
-
?
L-Ala + glyoxylate + NADH
?
-
at 10.5% of the activity with pyruvate
-
-
?
L-Ala + glyoxylate + NADH
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-Ala + glyoxylate + NADH
?
-
at 44% the activity with pyruvate
-
-
?
L-Ala + hydroxypyruvate + NADH
?
-
at 12.8% of the activity with pyruvate
-
-
?
L-Ala + hydroxypyruvate + NADH
?
-
at 3.3% of the activity with pyruvate
-
-
?
L-Ala + oxaloacetate + NADH
?
-
at 106.6% of the activity with pyruvate
-
-
?
L-Ala + oxaloacetate + NADH
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-Ala + oxaloacetate + NADH
?
-
as effective as pyruvate
-
-
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
2,2'-Iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
-
r
-
-
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
2,2'-Iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
2,2'-Iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
Busycotypus canaliculatum
-
-
-
-
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
2,2'-Iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
2,2'-Iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
-
r
-
-
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
2,2'-Iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
2,2'-Iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
2,2'-Iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
-
r
-
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
2,2'-Iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
Dipolydora commensalis
-
-
-
-
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
2,2'-Iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
2,2'-Iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
2,2'-Iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
2,2'-Iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
2,2'-Iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
2,2'-Iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
2,2'-Iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
-
r
-
-
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
2,2'-Iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
Nucula nitida
-
-
-
-
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
2,2'-Iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
2,2'-Iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
Polydora glycymerica
-
-
-
-
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
2,2'-Iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
L-Ala + pyruvate + NADH
2,2'-Iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
Scolelepis fuliginosa
-
-
-
-
?
L-alanine + pyruvate + NADH + H+
2,2'-iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
reductive condensation, the enzyme is highy specific for L-alanine
-
-
?
L-alanine + pyruvate + NADH + H+
2,2'-iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
r
L-Cys + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
at 130.8% of the activity with L-Ala
-
-
?
L-Cys + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-Cys + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
at 90% of the activity with L-Ala
-
-
?
L-Cys + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
at 110% of the activity with L-Ala
-
-
?
L-Ser + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
at 150.8% of the activity with L-Ala
-
-
?
L-Ser + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-Ser + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-Ser + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
-
-
-
?
L-Ser + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
at 90% of the activity with L-Ala
-
-
?
L-Ser + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
at 67% of the activity with L-Ala
-
-
?
L-Thr + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
as effective as L-Ala
-
-
?
L-Thr + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
at 62% of the activity with L-Ala
-
-
?
L-Val + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
at 71.5% of the activity with L-Ala
-
-
?
L-Val + pyruvate + NADH
?
-
at 65% of the activity with L-Ala
-
-
?
meso-alanopine + NAD+ + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
r
meso-alanopine + NAD+ + H2O
?
-
-
-
-
r
additional information
?
-
L-alanine binding region of alanopine dehydrogenase near a distinct helix-link-helix motif predicted by unbiased molecular dynamics simulations of ligand diffusion using a homology model of alanopine dehydrogenase, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
L-alanine binding region of alanopine dehydrogenase near a distinct helix-link-helix motif predicted by unbiased molecular dynamics simulations of ligand diffusion using a homology model of alanopine dehydrogenase, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Busycotypus canaliculatum
-
the enzyme from hepatopancreas is involved in alanopine oxidation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Busycotypus canaliculatum
-
muscle enzyme is involved in anaerobic glycolysis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme catalyzes the terminal step of anaerobic glycolysis during muscle anoxia associated with locomotion
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme probably functions in the maintenance of a redox balance during anaerobiosis in the adductor muscle and heart of the oyster
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
D-strombine is not oxidized
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme functions in cytoplasmic redox balance during anoxia stress
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme functions as the terminal dehydrogenase of glycolysis and has a role in maintaining energy production under the stresses of environmental or functional anoxia
-
-
?
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2,2'-iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
L-alanine + pyruvate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
beta-alanine + pyruvate + NADH + H+
beta-alanopine + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
r
L-alanine + pyruvate + NADH + H+
2,2'-iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
additional information
?
-
L-alanine + pyruvate + NADH + H+
2,2'-iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
reductive condensation, the enzyme is highy specific for L-alanine
-
-
?
L-alanine + pyruvate + NADH + H+
2,2'-iminodipropanoate + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
r
additional information
?
-
Busycotypus canaliculatum
-
the enzyme from hepatopancreas is involved in alanopine oxidation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Busycotypus canaliculatum
-
muscle enzyme is involved in anaerobic glycolysis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme catalyzes the terminal step of anaerobic glycolysis during muscle anoxia associated with locomotion
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme probably functions in the maintenance of a redox balance during anaerobiosis in the adductor muscle and heart of the oyster
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme functions in cytoplasmic redox balance during anoxia stress
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme functions as the terminal dehydrogenase of glycolysis and has a role in maintaining energy production under the stresses of environmental or functional anoxia
-
-
?
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6.5 - 7
-
with L-Ala and pyruvate as substrates
7.1
Busycotypus canaliculatum
-
with 50 mM L-Ala and 2 mM pyruvate as substrates, foot muscle enzyme
7.5
-
with 130 mM L-Ala, 0.1 mM NADH and 1.3 mM pyruvate as substrates
8.1
Busycotypus canaliculatum
-
with 15 mM meso-alanopine and 1.2 mM NAD+ as substrates, enzyme from hepatopancreas
8.6
Busycotypus canaliculatum
-
with 15 mM meso-alanopine and 1.2 mM NAD+ as substrates, enzyme from gill
9.2
-
with 50 mM meso-alanopine as substrate
6.5
Busycotypus canaliculatum
-
with 35 mM L-Ala and 1.4 mM pyruvate as substrate, foot muscle enzyme
6.5
-
with 100 mM L-Ala, 0.1 mM NADH and 1 mM pyruvate as substrates
7
-
with Ala and pyruvate as substrates
7
-
with L-Ala and pyruvate as substrates
7
-
with Ala and pyruvate as substrates
8.5
Busycotypus canaliculatum
-
with 15 mM meso-alanopine and 1.2 mM NAD+ as substrates, foot muscle enzyme
8.5
-
with meso-alanopine as substrate
8.5
-
with 10 mM meso-alanopine as substrate
9
-
with meso-alanopine as substrate
9
Busycotypus canaliculatum
-
with 40 mM meso-alanopine and 2 mM NAD+ as substrates, all three isoenzymes
9
-
with meso-alanopine as substrate
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evolution
AlaDHAm is a member of the family of opine dehydrogenases (OpDHs), which catalyze the reductive condensation of pyruvate with an L-amino acid in the presence of NADH to so-called opines during anaerobic glycolysis. Residue E141 of domain I and W279 of domain II are conserved in OpDHs and are present in AlaDHAm, stucture comparisons, overview
metabolism
AlaDHAm is a member of the family of opine dehydrogenases (OpDHs), which catalyze the reductive condensation of pyruvate with an L-amino acid in the presence of NADH to so-called opines during anaerobic glycolysis
metabolism
-
bivalves have evolved diverse and highly specialised strategies for surviving in hypoxic episodes including pathways that are efficient both in terms of ATP production, and in minimising H+ and toxic end product accumulation. Under these circumstances, glycogen is metabolized to pyruvate and the cytosolic NADH/NAD+ redox ratio is balanced by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate. Alternatively, NAD+ can be recycled more efficiently by coupling an amino acid to pyruvate, with formation of opines such as alanopine, tauropine, octopine, and strombine. Specimens utilizing the octopine rather than the alanopine pathway will increase energy flow rapidly, developing a major ability to counteract environmental variations. The high ratio between malate dehydrogenase/lactate dehydrogenase is due to the ability of Pinna nobilis to turn on anaerobic metabolism as a consequence of environmental or anthropogenic stresses. Anaerobic pathways are not all equivalent in terms of energy production based upon maximum rates for ATP output (lactate > octopine > alanopine = strombine)
metabolism
-
the enzyme activities of opine dehydrogenases, including alanopine dehydrogenase, are increased during anaerobic metabolism in corals under prolonged oxygen deprivation, due to invasive algal overgrowth and oxygen deprivation of wide-spread distributed Montipora capitata in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii
physiological function
-
enzyme ADH acts as one of the primary and anaerobic metabolic responses pathways during hypoxia. Montipora capitata increasingly relies upon alanopine dehydrogenase, ADH, and strombine dehydrogenase, SDH, for anaerobic catabolism under low-oxygen conditions
physiological function
-
standard metabolic rate and enzymatic activities (malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogexadnase, alanopine dehydrogenase) in snails after a 10-day acclimation period at high salinity. Opine dehydrogenase is measured for anaerobic respiration. Significantly higher mortalities are observed at higher salinities, the strongest effects occur on snails collected at the end of winter, and exposed to 30 psu and 20°C (100% mortality in 3 days). When snails are collected during the spring, 100% mortality is observed after 40 days at 30 psu and 20°C. Standard metabolic rates are significantly lower when snails are exposed to salinities of 25 and 30 psu, even after 10 days of acclimation. Analysis of effects of high salinity, osmotic and thermal shock, determination of enzyme activity and mortality rates of the New Zealand mudsnail under different conditions, overview
additional information
-
comparisons of opine dehydrogenases activities (octopine dehydrogenase, alanopine dehydrogenase, strombine dehydrogenase, and tauropine dehydrogenase) in the adductor muscle, overview. The ODH activity in adductor muscle increases following the marine-brackish gradient, while the one of ADH, SDH and TDH decreases following the same gradient
additional information
-
enzyme ADH activity varies significantly with respect to hypoxia treatment type, treatment duration, and interaction between treatment duration and type. The combinatory effect of oxygen deprivation over time had no significant effect on ADH activity. Importantly, control and tank samples display no significant differences over 3 h, 6 h, 1 day, and 3 day times sets, indicating that bubbling within small chambers has no effect on target enzyme activity
additional information
L-alanine binding region of alanopine dehydrogenase near a distinct helix-link-helix motif predicted by unbiased molecular dynamics simulations of ligand diffusion using a homology model of alanopine dehydrogenase, overview. L-Alanine is accommodated in a pocket mainly formed by residues Y236, V276, W279, Y280, Y284, L294, N301, and Y304 of domain II, five of which are strictly conserved
additional information
-
L-alanine binding region of alanopine dehydrogenase near a distinct helix-link-helix motif predicted by unbiased molecular dynamics simulations of ligand diffusion using a homology model of alanopine dehydrogenase, overview. L-Alanine is accommodated in a pocket mainly formed by residues Y236, V276, W279, Y280, Y284, L294, N301, and Y304 of domain II, five of which are strictly conserved
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Carvajal, N.; Vega, E.; Erices, A.; Bustos, D.; Torres, C.
Lactate dehydrogenase, alanopine dehydrogenase and octopine dehydrogenase from heart of Concholepas concholepas (gastropoda: muricidae)
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B
108
543-550
1994
Concholepas concholepas
-
brenda
Sato, M.; Takeuchi, M.; Kanno, N.; Nagahisa, E.; Sato, Y.
Distribution of opine dehydrogenases and lactate dehydrogenase activities in marine animals
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B
106
955-960
1993
Anthopleura japonica, Anthopleura nigrescens, Buccinum isaotakii, Cellana grata, Azumapecten farreri nipponensis, Chlorostoma lischkei, Crassostrea gigas, Fusitriton oregonensis, Haliotis discus hannai, Liolophura japonica, Littorina brevicula, Heterololigo bleekeri, Meretrix lusoria, Mytilus edulis, Neptunea arthritica, no activity in Aplysia kurodai, no activity in Aplysia juliana, no activity in Asterias amurensis, no activity in Asterina pectinifera, no activity in Aurelia aurita, no activity in Balanus cariosus, no activity in Halichondria japonica, no activity in Halocynthia roretzi, no activity in Hemigrapsus sanguineus, no activity in Hexagrammos otakii, no activity in Octopus membranaceus, no activity in Oncorhynchus keta, no activity in Pagurus samuelis, no activity in Pollicipes mitella, no activity in Pugettia quadridens, no activity in Solaster paxillatus, no activity in Stichopus japonicus, Octopus vulgaris, Mizuhopecten yessoensis, Perinereis nuntia, Pseudopotamilla occelata, Reishia clavigera, Ruditapes philippinarum, Anadara broughtonii, Mesocentrotus nudus, Todarodes pacificus, Scelidotoma gigas, Pseudocardium sachalinense
-
brenda
Blackstock, J.; Burdass, M.C.
Pyruvate oxidoreductase in some sublittoral polychaetes
Biochem. Soc. Trans.
15
383-384
1987
Capitella capitata, Glycera alba, Scolelepis fuliginosa
-
brenda
Fields, J.H.A.; Storey, K.B.
Tissue-specific alanopine dehydrogenase from the gill and strombine dehydrogenase from the foot muscle of the cherrystone clam Mercenaria mercenaria
J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.
105
175-185
1987
Mercenaria mercenaria
-
brenda
Manchenko, G.P.
Nonfluorescent negative stain for alanopine dehydrogemase activity on starch gels
Anal. Biochem.
145
308-310
1985
Polydora ciliata, Dipolydora commensalis, Polydora glycymerica, Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata
brenda
Fields, J.H.A.; Eng, A.K.; Ramsden, W.D.; Hochachka, P.W.; Weinstein, B.
Alanopine and strombine are novel imino acids produced by a dehydrogenase found in the adductor muscle of the oyster, Crassostrea gigas
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
201
110-114
1980
Crassostrea gigas
brenda
Siegmund, B.; Grieshaber, M.K.
Determination of meso-alanopine and D-strombine by high pressure liquid chromatography in extracts from marine invertebrates
Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem.
364
807-812
1983
Arenicola marina, Crassostrea angulata, Mytilus edulis, Nucula nitida
brenda
Dando, P.R.
Strombine [N-(carboxymethyl)-D-alanine]dehydrogenase and alanopine [meso-N-(1-carboxyethyl)-alanine]dehydrogenase from the mussel Mytilus edulis L.
Biochem. Soc. Trans.
9
297-298
1981
Mytilus edulis
-
brenda
Fields, J.H.A.; Hochachka, P.W.
Purification and properties of alanopine dehydrogenase from the adductur muscle of the oyster, Crassostrea gigas (mollusca, bivalvia)
Eur. J. Biochem.
114
615-621
1981
Crassostrea gigas
brenda
Plaxton, W.C.; Storey, K.B.
Tissue specific isozymes of alanopine dehydrogenase in the channeled whelk Busycotypus canaliculatum
Can. J. Zool.
60
1568-1572
1982
Busycotypus canaliculatum
-
brenda
Plaxton, W.C.; Storey, K.B.
Purification and properties of alanopine dehydrogenase isozymes from the channeled whelk, Busycotypus canaliculatum
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B
76
321-326
1983
Busycotypus canaliculatum
-
brenda
Storey, K.B.
Tissue-specific alanopine dehydrogenase and strombine dehydrogenase from the sea mouse, Aphrodite aculeata (polychaeta)
J. Exp. Zool.
225
369-378
1983
Aphrodita aculeata
-
brenda
Plaxton, W.C.; Storey, K.B.
Alanopine dehydrogenase: purification and characterization of the enzyme from Littorina littorea foot muscle
J. Comp. Physiol.
149
57-65
1982
Littorina littorea
-
brenda
Baldwin, J.; England, W.R.
The properties and functions of alanopine dehydrogenase and octopine dehydrogenase from the pedal retractor muscle of strombidae (class gastropoda)
Pac. Sci.
36
381-394
1982
Bursa sp., Pollia undosa, Conus arenatus, Cymatium pileare, Cypraea tigris, Cypraecassis rufa, Lambis lambis, Lambis millepeda, Lambis scorpius, Nerita atramentosa, Nebularia eremitarum, Nassarius coronatus, Nassarius glans particeps, Euprotomus aurisdianae, Laevistrombus canarium, Gibberulus gibberulus, Strombus labiatus, Lentigo lentiginosus, Conomurex luhuanus, Strombus sinuatus, Menathais tuberosa, Tibia martinii, Xenophora crispa
-
brenda
Lagana, G.; Barreca, D.; Giacobbe, S.; Bellocco, E.
Anaerobiosis and metabolic plasticity of Pinna nobilis biochemical and ecological features
Biochem. Syst. Ecol.
56
138-143
2014
Pinna nobilis
-
brenda
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