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7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
71-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
chlorophyllide b + 2 H2O + NADP+
second half-reaction
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + 2 O2 + 2 NADPH + 2 H+
chlorophyllide b + 3 H2O + 2 NADP+
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
71-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
first half-reaction
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
chlorophyllide b + 2 H2O + NADP+
-
chlorophyll a precursor
immediately converted to chlorophyll b by chlorophyll synthase, the chlorophyllide a oxygenase activity is regulated at the level of protein stability via a feedback mechanism through chlorophyll b
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
chlorophyllide d + O2 + NADPH + H+
[7-formyl]-chlorophyllide d + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
protochlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
-
low activity
-
-
?
Zn-7-hydroxy-Pheide a + O2 + NADPH
ZnPheide b + H2O + NADP+
-
product identification
-
?
ZnPheide a + O2 + NADPH
Zn-7-hydroxy-Pheide a + H2O + NADP+
-
product identification
-
?
additional information
?
-
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
?
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
product identification
-
?
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
?
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
?
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
product identification
-
?
chlorophyllide a + 2 O2 + 2 NADPH + 2 H+
chlorophyllide b + 3 H2O + 2 NADP+
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + 2 O2 + 2 NADPH + 2 H+
chlorophyllide b + 3 H2O + 2 NADP+
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + 2 O2 + 2 NADPH + 2 H+
chlorophyllide b + 3 H2O + 2 NADP+
overall reaction
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
-
product identification
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
-
-
product identification
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
intermediate 7-hydroxymetyl(ide) chlorophyll a
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
chlorophyll b is required for assembly of the light-harvesting complexes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
chlorophyll b synthesis by the enzyme is a key regulatory step in the control of antenna size, changing the antenna size of photosystems allows plants to acclimate to variations in light intensity for efficient photosynthesis creating a protective strategy to minimize photodamage, the chlorophyll b feedback regulates enzyme accumulation via the N-terminal domain A
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
chlorophyll b synthesis is involved in regulation of photosystem II antenna size via chlorophyll b content in the light-harvesting complex II
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme mRNA and protein levels correlate with the chlorophyll a/b ratio, enzyme expression is regulated by irradiation, enzyme activity in required for enlargment of light harvesting complex II during photoacclimation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
key enzyme for chlorophyll b biosynthesis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
key enzyme for chlorophyll b biosynthesis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
land plants change the compositions of light-harvesting complexes and chlorophyll a/b ratios in response to the variable light environments which they encounter, and the enzyme is part of the regulatory mechanism, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is involved in antenna pigment synthesis required for light-harvesting complex II and photosynthetic growth, chlorophyll b has a regulatory role in pigment shuffling of antenna systems, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is involved in light-dependent regulation of chlorophyll b biosynthesis which is related to the cab gene expression, chlorophyllide b is bound to the light harvesting complex II in vivo
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is part of a separate translocon complex involved in the regulated import and stabilization of the chlorophyllide b-binding light-harvesting proteins Lhcb1, of LHCII, and Lhcb4, of CP29, in chlorplasts
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme is responsible for synthesis of chlorophyllide b which is a photosynthetic antenna pigment required for regulation of antenna size, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is responsible for synthesis of chlorophyllide b which is a photosynthetic antenna pigment required for regulation of antenna size, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
expression analysis and chlorophyll a/b ratios under various light conditions
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
reaction mechanism of the two-step reaction, no activity with chlorophyll a or protochlorophyllide a
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
reaction mechanism of the two-step reaction, no activity with chlorophyll a or protochlorophyllide a
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
N-terminal domain (A-domain) of enzyme is essential for the regulatory mechanism of the enzyme
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
chlorophyll b is required for assembly of the light-harvesting complexes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
chlorophyll b production is important for plants to adapt to varying light environments
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
chlorophyll b production is important for plants to adapt to varying light environments
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
chlorophyll b is required for assembly of the light-harvesting complexes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
chlorophyll antenna size adjustments by irradiance involve coordinate regulation of CAO and Lhcb gene expression, cytosolic signal transduction pathway for rapid enzyme regulation/short term photoacclimation involves phospholipase C activity, mechanism, the redox state of the plastoquinone pool is also involved in enzyme regulation via the long term photoacclimation, mechanism of photoacclimation, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
chlorophyll antenna size adjustments by irradiance involve coordinate regulation of CAO and Lhcb gene expression, cytosolic signal transduction pathway for rapid enzyme regulation/short term photoacclimation involves phospholipase C activity, mechanism, the redox state of the plastoquinone pool is also involved in enzyme regulation via the long term photoacclimation, mechanism of photoacclimation, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is involved in light-dependent regulation of chlorophyll b biosynthesis, chlorophyllide b is bound to the light harvesting complex II in vivo
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
isozyme CAO1 is important in chlorophyll b biosynthesis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is involved in antenna pigment synthesis required for light-harvesting complexe II and photosynthetic growth, chlorophyll b has a regulatory role in pigment shuffling of antenna systems, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
a chloroplast Clp protease is involved in regulating chlorophyll b biosynthesis through the destabilization of chlorophyllide a oxygenase in response to the accumulation of chlorophyll b
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
pathway validation
-
-
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
71-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
chlorophyllide b + 2 H2O + NADP+
second half-reaction
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + 2 O2 + 2 NADPH + 2 H+
chlorophyllide b + 3 H2O + 2 NADP+
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
71-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
first half-reaction
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
chlorophyllide b + 2 H2O + NADP+
-
chlorophyll a precursor
immediately converted to chlorophyll b by chlorophyll synthase, the chlorophyllide a oxygenase activity is regulated at the level of protein stability via a feedback mechanism through chlorophyll b
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
chlorophyllide d + O2 + NADPH + H+
[7-formyl]-chlorophyllide d + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
?
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
?
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
?
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + 2 O2 + 2 NADPH + 2 H+
chlorophyllide b + 3 H2O + 2 NADP+
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + 2 O2 + 2 NADPH + 2 H+
chlorophyllide b + 3 H2O + 2 NADP+
overall reaction
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
intermediate 7-hydroxymetyl(ide) chlorophyll a
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+
chlorophyllide b + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
chlorophyll b is required for assembly of the light-harvesting complexes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
chlorophyll b synthesis by the enzyme is a key regulatory step in the control of antenna size, changing the antenna size of photosystems allows plants to acclimate to variations in light intensity for efficient photosynthesis creating a protective strategy to minimize photodamage, the chlorophyll b feedback regulates enzyme accumulation via the N-terminal domain A
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
chlorophyll b synthesis is involved in regulation of photosystem II antenna size via chlorophyll b content in the light-harvesting complex II
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme mRNA and protein levels correlate with the chlorophyll a/b ratio, enzyme expression is regulated by irradiation, enzyme activity in required for enlargment of light harvesting complex II during photoacclimation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
key enzyme for chlorophyll b biosynthesis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
key enzyme for chlorophyll b biosynthesis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
land plants change the compositions of light-harvesting complexes and chlorophyll a/b ratios in response to the variable light environments which they encounter, and the enzyme is part of the regulatory mechanism, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is involved in antenna pigment synthesis required for light-harvesting complex II and photosynthetic growth, chlorophyll b has a regulatory role in pigment shuffling of antenna systems, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is involved in light-dependent regulation of chlorophyll b biosynthesis which is related to the cab gene expression, chlorophyllide b is bound to the light harvesting complex II in vivo
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is part of a separate translocon complex involved in the regulated import and stabilization of the chlorophyllide b-binding light-harvesting proteins Lhcb1, of LHCII, and Lhcb4, of CP29, in chlorplasts
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme is responsible for synthesis of chlorophyllide b which is a photosynthetic antenna pigment required for regulation of antenna size, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is responsible for synthesis of chlorophyllide b which is a photosynthetic antenna pigment required for regulation of antenna size, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
N-terminal domain (A-domain) of enzyme is essential for the regulatory mechanism of the enzyme
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
chlorophyll b is required for assembly of the light-harvesting complexes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
chlorophyll b production is important for plants to adapt to varying light environments
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
chlorophyll b production is important for plants to adapt to varying light environments
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
chlorophyll b is required for assembly of the light-harvesting complexes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
chlorophyll antenna size adjustments by irradiance involve coordinate regulation of CAO and Lhcb gene expression, cytosolic signal transduction pathway for rapid enzyme regulation/short term photoacclimation involves phospholipase C activity, mechanism, the redox state of the plastoquinone pool is also involved in enzyme regulation via the long term photoacclimation, mechanism of photoacclimation, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
chlorophyll antenna size adjustments by irradiance involve coordinate regulation of CAO and Lhcb gene expression, cytosolic signal transduction pathway for rapid enzyme regulation/short term photoacclimation involves phospholipase C activity, mechanism, the redox state of the plastoquinone pool is also involved in enzyme regulation via the long term photoacclimation, mechanism of photoacclimation, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is involved in light-dependent regulation of chlorophyll b biosynthesis, chlorophyllide b is bound to the light harvesting complex II in vivo
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
isozyme CAO1 is important in chlorophyll b biosynthesis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is involved in antenna pigment synthesis required for light-harvesting complexe II and photosynthetic growth, chlorophyll b has a regulatory role in pigment shuffling of antenna systems, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
a chloroplast Clp protease is involved in regulating chlorophyll b biosynthesis through the destabilization of chlorophyllide a oxygenase in response to the accumulation of chlorophyll b
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
pathway validation
-
-
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
C127A
22% drop in protochlorophyllide a-oxygenase activity in the generated mutant proteins relative to the wild-type activity
C147A
36.4% drop in protochlorophyllide a-oxygenase activity in the generated mutant proteins relative to the wild-type activity
E136V
-
amino acid mutation within A-domain, increased stability of the fusion enzyme, K157R alone without stability effect, deletions from Q97 up to or beyond H106 result in stability signal equivalent to a lack of the entire A-domain
F286A
0.5% drop in protochlorophyllide a-oxygenase activity in the generated mutant proteins relative to the wild-type activity
F337A
20% drop in protochlorophyllide a-oxygenase activity in the generated mutant proteins relative to the wild-type activity
F417A
0% drop in protochlorophyllide a-oxygenase activity in the generated mutant proteins relative to the wild-type activity
H129A
25.5% drop in protochlorophyllide a-oxygenase activity in the generated mutant proteins relative to the wild-type activity
H150A
24.5% drop in protochlorophyllide a-oxygenase activity in the generated mutant proteins relative to the wild-type activity
H248A
29.5%drop in protochlorophyllide a-oxygenase activity in the generated mutant proteins relative to the wild-type activity
H248A/H253A
88% drop in protochlorophyllide a-oxygenase activity in the generated mutant proteins relative to the wild-type activity
H253A
41.5% drop in protochlorophyllide a-oxygenase activity in the generated mutant proteins relative to the wild-type activity
H386A
0% drop in protochlorophyllide a-oxygenase activity in the generated mutant proteins relative to the wild-type activity
L440A
0% drop in protochlorophyllide a-oxygenase activityy in the generated mutant proteins relative to the wild-type activity
N399A
0% drop in protochlorophyllide a-oxygenase activity in the generated mutant proteins relative to the wild-type activity
P354A
94.5% drop in protochlorophyllide a-oxygenase activity in the generated mutant proteins relative to the wild-type activity
P441A
19% drop in protochlorophyllide a-oxygenase activity in the generated mutant proteins relative to the wild-type activity
R390A
0.5% drop in protochlorophyllide a-oxygenase activity in the generated mutant proteins relative to the wild-type activity
V249A
7.0% drop in protochlorophyllide a-oxygenase activity in the generated mutant proteins relative to the wild-type activity
W351A
15.5% drop in protochlorophyllide a-oxygenase activity in the generated mutant proteins relative to the wild-type activity
W400A
0.75% drop in protochlorophyllide a-oxygenase activity in the generated mutant proteins relative to the wild-type activity
A376V
the mutant shows reduced activity compared to the wild type enzyme
A94T
the mutant shows reduced activity compared to the wild type enzyme
C320Y
the mutant shows reduced activity compared to the wild type enzyme
L373F
the mutant shows reduced activity compared to the wild type enzyme
P419L
the mutant shows reduced activity compared to the wild type enzyme
A247D
25.0% drop in protochlorophyllide a-oxygenase activity in the generated mutant proteins relative to the wild-type activity
A247D
31.2% drop in protochlorophyllide a-oxygenase activity in the generated mutant proteins relative to the wild-type activity
additional information
-
construction of domain mutants by combinating the three domains A, B, and C for construction of transgenic plants expressing the wild-type enzyme or domain A, or B, or C or a combinantion thereof, domain structure, transgenic subcellular localization, regulatory effects on chlorophyll a/b ratio and protein accumulation, overview
additional information
-
construction of transgenic plants expressing the enzyme of Prochlirothrix hollandica in thylakoid membranes under control of the 35S CaMV promoter using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection system, the transgenic plants are capable of normal rate photosynthetic growth also under low light conditions in contrast to the wild-type plants, transgenic plants show an altered chlorophyll a/b ratio in photosystems I and II, chloroplast structure, and thylakoid membrane composition, phenotype, overview
additional information
-
construction of transgenic plants functionally overexpressing the enzyme under control of the 35S CaMV promoter leading to 10-20% enlarged antenna size of photosystem II
additional information
-
construction of transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing the enzyme, the transgenic plants show 72% increased CAO activity and light-dependent regulation of chlorophyll b biosynthesis
additional information
-
enzyme level and activity is reduced in the conditional chlorina 1 mutant cch1
additional information
isolation of 3 mutant plants with increased enzyme mRNA levels but reduced chlorophyll b levels
additional information
-
isolation of 3 mutant plants with increased enzyme mRNA levels but reduced chlorophyll b levels
additional information
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transgenic enzyme-overexpressing plants show accumulation of light-harvesting complexes and reduced beta-carotene levels compared to wild-type plants, while it is increased in enzyme-deficient chlorina-1 mutant plants, in overexpressing plants the chlorophyll a/b ratio remains low under high-light conditions in contrast to wild-type plants
additional information
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construction of homozygous loss-of-function mutants. Mutants contain a normally structured prolamellar body that contains the protochlorophyllide holochrome. Etioplasts from mutants contain protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A protein
additional information
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construcution of a series of deleted enzyme sequences fused with green fluorescent protein and overexpressed in a chlorophyll b-less mutant. No significant difference in enzyme protein levels in transgenic plants overexpressing B domain containing proteins or those lacking the B domain
additional information
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transgenic plants overexpressing the N-terminal A domain accumulate an excess amount of chlorophyll b during greening. The plants either die or are obviously retarded when they are exposed to continuous light immediatley after etiolation. Loss of the A domain additionally impairs the conversion of divinyl protochlorophyllide a to monovinyl protochlorophyllide a under dark conditions
additional information
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seeds overexpressing A+B-domain-green fluorescent protein (AB-GFP) fusion enzyme, mutagenized by ethyl methane sulfonate overnight, 30000 lines of mutagenized transgenic plants screened for GFP fluorescence (excitation at 488 nm, emission at 522 nm) and observation of autofluorescence of chlorophyll (680 nm), 66 mutants with GFP signal isolated and grouped into 7 groups that are defined by the distribution pattern of the GFP signal, and characterized by pigment and immunoblotting analysis
additional information
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serial deletions in the A-domain identify the amino acid sequence Q97-DLLTIMIL-H106 that is essential for the regulation of the protein stability, this sequence introduced into mutant chlorina1-1 fusion enzyme lacking the entire A-domain re-enables the regulation of the enzyme, the other part of the A-domain is necessary to confer chlrorophyll-b dependency of the degradation process
additional information
construction of six chlorophyll-b less mutants by insertional mutagenesis, analysis of DNA rearrangements, overview
additional information
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construction of six chlorophyll-b less mutants by insertional mutagenesis, analysis of DNA rearrangements, overview
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additional information
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construction of transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing the Arabidopsis thaliana enzyme, the transgenic plants show 72% increased CAO activity and light-dependent regulation of chlorophyll b biosynthesis
additional information
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construction of CAO1 and CAO2 knockout mutants tagged by T-DNA or Tos-17, the CAO1 deficient mutant shows pale green leaves, the CAO2 deficient mutant show no altered leaf phenotype compared to the wild-type plants
additional information
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isolation of pale green rice mutants Y-15, a frame-shift mutant, and G-52, with a mutation of the lysine residue in the mononuclear iron-binding site, both mutant plants lack chlorophyll b, the pseudogene CAO-11 mutant shows no pale green leaf phenotype but a defect in the Rieske cluster
additional information
generation of the truncated enzyme mutant OsCAO1pgl. The premature translational termination of OsCAO1 in mutant pgl does not affect OsCAO1 localization, the mutation nevertheless results in the pale-green phenotype. Expression levels of Chl synthesis-associated genes in mutant pgl, and phenotype, overview
additional information
ZmCAO1 gene disruption by 51 bp pPopin transposon insertion abolishing transcription. Reduced enzyme activity of ZmCAO1 leads to reduced concentrations of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, resulting in the yellow-green leaf phenotype of the ygl mutant. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate are decreased in the ygl mutant, while concentrations of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), porphobilinogen (PBG) and protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) are increased. In addition, a ZmCAO1 mutation results in downregulation of key photosynthetic genes, limits photosynthetic assimilation, and reduces plant height, ear size, kernel weight, and grain yield. Furthermore, the zmcao1 mutant shows enhanced reactive oxygen species production leading to sensitivity to waterlogging. These results demonstrate the pleiotropy of ZmCAO1 function in photosynthesis, grain yield, and waterlogging tolerance in maize. Phenotypes of the ygl and cao1cao1 mutants, detailed overview
additional information
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ZmCAO1 gene disruption by 51 bp pPopin transposon insertion abolishing transcription. Reduced enzyme activity of ZmCAO1 leads to reduced concentrations of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, resulting in the yellow-green leaf phenotype of the ygl mutant. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate are decreased in the ygl mutant, while concentrations of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), porphobilinogen (PBG) and protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) are increased. In addition, a ZmCAO1 mutation results in downregulation of key photosynthetic genes, limits photosynthetic assimilation, and reduces plant height, ear size, kernel weight, and grain yield. Furthermore, the zmcao1 mutant shows enhanced reactive oxygen species production leading to sensitivity to waterlogging. These results demonstrate the pleiotropy of ZmCAO1 function in photosynthesis, grain yield, and waterlogging tolerance in maize. Phenotypes of the ygl and cao1cao1 mutants, detailed overview
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Arabidopsis which overexpress a CAOGFP fusion are mutagenized
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construction of a genomic library, DNA and amino acid sequence determination
DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis of wild-type and mutants genes, gene structures, overview
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expressed in Acaryochloris marina strain MBIC 11017
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expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana and in Escherichia coli C41 cells
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expressed in Nicotiana tabacum cultivar Petit Havana
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expression analysis with isolated nuclei
expression in Arabidopsis thaliana
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expression in Escherichia coli in membranes, phylogenetic tree
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expression of GFP-tagged enzyme in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells, phylogenetic tree
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expression of GFP-tagged wild-type and GFP-tagged domain mutant enzymes in wild-type and enzyme-deficient chlorin-1 mutant plants
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expression of His-tagged enzyme in Escherichia coli
expression of His6-tagged CAO in Escherichia coli in inclusion bodies, in vitro expression by wheat germ lysates
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expression of the enzyme under control of the 35S CaMV promoter, using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection system, in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants renders the transgenic plants capable of normal rate photosynthetic growth also under low light conditions in contrast to the wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana plants, transgenic plants show altered chlorophyll a/b ratio, chloroplast structure, and thylakoid membrane composition
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functional expression in Escherichia coli
functional overexpression in transgenic tobacco plants via Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 transfection, the CAO gene is expressed under control of the 35S CaMV promoter
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gene CAO, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, genetic organization
gene pgl, recombinant expression of truncated protein OsCAO1pgl fused with GFP (35S::OsCAO1pgl-GFP) and transformed into Nicotiana benthamiana via Agrobacterium sp., specific expression in chloroplasts although the truncated enzyme lacks the signal sequence
gene ZmCAO1, bulked segregant analysis (BSA)-based mapping of the ZmCAO1 gene, quantitative real-time RT-PCR enzyme expression analysis
introduction of the Prochlorococcus gene into Synechocystis cells
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introductionof the prokaryotic chlorophyll b synthesis gene for chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO) into Arabidopsis. In the transgenic plants (Prochlirothrix hollandica CAO plants), about 40% of chlorophyll a of the core antenna complexes is replaced by chlorophyll b in both photosystems
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overexpression of the enzyme in Arabidopsis thaliana plants
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pGreenII-0029 plasmid vector with fusion enzyme is introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58 by electroporation, wild-type and chlorina1-1 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana are transformed by the infiltration with the bacterium, plant transformants are selected
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plasmid vector pGreenII-0029 including the gene for the green fluorescent protein fused with full-length or truncated chlorophyllide a oxygenase, plasmid with fusion enzyme is then transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens (strain GV2260) by electroporation, wild-type Arabidopsis and chlorina1-1 mutant are transformed by vacuum infiltration
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single-copy CAO gene, amino aid sequence and N-terminal extensions comparison with other higher plant sequences and the sequence of the algae Prochlorothrix hollandica, functional expression of ABC, BC, and C domain constructs in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 reveals that the C domain is sufficient for catalytic activity
single-copy CAO gene, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, amino aid sequence and N-terminal extensions comparison with higher plant sequences, e.g. of Arabidopsis thaliana, functional expression in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803
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Pattanayak, G.K.; Biswal, A.K.; Reddy, V.S.; Tripathy, B.C.
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2005
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Arabidopsis thaliana
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Arabidopsis thaliana
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2000
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9MBA1), Arabidopsis thaliana
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26
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2001
Arabidopsis thaliana
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Masuda, T.; Tanaka, A.; Melis, A.
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Plant Mol. Biol.
51
757-771
2003
Dunaliella salina (Q9XJ38), Dunaliella salina
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Lee, S.; Kim, J.H.; Yoo, E.S.; Lee, C.H.; Hirochika, H.; An, G.
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57
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2005
Oryza sativa
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Nagata, N.; Satoh, S.; Tanaka, R.; Tanaka, A.
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Planta
218
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Prochlorothrix hollandica, Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9MBA1), Arabidopsis thaliana
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The AtCAO gene, encoding chlorophyll a oxygenase, is required for chlorophyll b synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
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1999
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9MBA1), Arabidopsis thaliana
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2006
Prochlorococcus marinus
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Nakagawara, E.; Sakuraba, Y.; Yamasato, A.; Tanaka, R.; Tanaka, A.
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Arabidopsis thaliana
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Characterization of mutations in barley fch2 encoding chlorophyllide a oxygenase
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Metabolic engineering of the Chl d-dominated cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina: production of a novel Chl species by the introduction of the chlorophyllide a oxygenase gene
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Biswal, A.K.; Pattanayak, G.K.; Pandey, S.S.; Leelavathi, S.; Reddy, V.S.; Govindjee, V.S.; Tripathy, B.C.
Light intensity-dependent modulation of chlorophyll b biosynthesis and photosynthesis by overexpression of chlorophyllide a oxygenase in tobacco
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Arabidopsis thaliana
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Yang, Y.; Xu, J.; Huang, L.; Leng, Y.; Dai, L.; Rao, Y.; Chen, L.; Wang, Y.; Tu, Z.; Hu, J.; Ren, D.; Zhang, G.; Zhu, L.; Guo, L.; Qian, Q.; Zeng, D.
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Oryza sativa Japonica Group (Q8S7E1)
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A protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) a oxygenase for plant viability
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Li, Q.; Zhou, S.; Liu, W.; Zhai, Z.; Pan, Y.; Liu, C.; Chern, M.; Wang, H.; Huang, M.; Zhang, Z.; Tang, J.; Du, H.
A chlorophyll a oxygenase 1 gene ZmCAO1 contributes to grain yield and waterlogging tolerance in maize
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Zea mays (A0A3L6GA89), Zea mays
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